Kamis, 17 November 2016

An Analysis Of The Conversation Using Dell Hymes’s Speaking Theory

  
  


A.     Background
Basically the language is an integral part of a social system. Human communication that can convey information to each other in the form of thoughts, ideas, intentions, feelings, and emotions directly. The sosiolinguis question the existence of language variation of various levels that are clearly not a mere performance as a result of conditions grammatically irrelevant, but their actually caused by a variety of factors multilingual as a reflection of a community language that is always heterogeneous.

In any event in verbal interaction or communication process there is always some components that take part and be involved in the incident. Bell (1976) states traditionally there are three components that have long been recognized as a major component of an event or situation, namely communication: speakers, the hearer, and the topic of conversation. In other words, in every process that occurs between the speaker and the speech occurs opponents also said the so-called incident or event language (speech event). This paper will discuss the analysis ethnography of communication (Ethnography of Communication) initiated by Dell Hymes said covering events (speech event) and the rules that mark the occurrence of an event of speech or language events.

B.     Literatur Review
Sociolinguist Dell Hymes developed the following model to promote the analysis of discourse as a series of speech events and speech acts within a cultural context. It uses the first letters of terms for speech components; the categories are so productive and powerful in analysis that you can use this model to analyze many different kinds of discourse. The eight components of the speaking model are:
1.      Setting and Scene
"Setting refers to the time and place of a speech act and, in general, to the physical circumstances" (Hymes 55). Scene is the "psychological setting" or "cultural definition" of a scene, including characteristics such as range of formality and sense of play or seriousness (Hymes 55-56).

2.      Participants
Speaker and audience. Linguists will make distinctions within these categories; for example, the audience can be distinguished as addressees and other hearers (Hymes 54 & 56).

3.      Ends
Purposes, goals, and outcomes (Hymes 56-57).

4.      Act Sequence
Form and order of the event.

5.      Key
Cues that establish the "tone, manner, or spirit" of the speech act (Hymes 57).



6.      Instrumentalities
Forms and styles of speech (Hymes 58-60).

7.      Norms
Social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reaction.

8.      Genre
The kind of speech act or event; for our course, the kind of story.

These terms can be applied to many kinds of discourse. Sometimes in a written discussion you might emphasize only two or three of the letters of the mnemonic. It provides a structure for you to perceive components.

C.      Discussion and Analysis Data
The writer wanted to know whether the theory speaking of Dell Hymes can prove events that occur in the dialogue said the conversation, but because of the mixing of language that allows the need for proving the theory speaking of Dell Hymes. Sustainability of linguistic interaction in a speech that involves two or more parties, the speaker and the person said, with one principal speech, in time, place and specific situations. The authors analyze the theory of speaking as follows :
Data :
Mr.Brown             : Good morning, sir.
Mr.Bonar              : Good morning
Mr.Brown             : I would like to go to Madani hotel
Mr.Bonar              : Oh, hotel Madani, I know it
Mr.Brown             : How long to go there?
Mr.Bonar              : From here Kualanamu, one hour to Madani
Mr.Brown             : (interruption) What about a half hour?
Mr.Bonar              : No, busy sir
Mr.Brown             : Ok. How much?
Mr.Bonar              : Rp.100.000,-
Mr.Brown             : Yes, let’s go

Analysis Data
The Speaking model by Dell Hymes
1.      Setting and Scene
The Foreigner’s and Batakness driver’s conversation, is  at Kualanamu International Airport. At times, the Foreigner and Bataknese driver would be festive and at other times serious

2.      Participant
At the conversation, the foreigner Mr.Brown told the driver Mr.Bonar his direction, to Madani hotel.

3.      Ends
The driver gave information and show the direction to the Madani hotel to the foreigner.


4.      Act Sequence :
While Mr.Bonar told that it took one hour to Madani hotel, Mr.Brown interrupted him by asking to drive there for a half hour.

5.      Key :
Mr.Bonar might immitate Mr.Brown’s voice and gestures or he might address him in serious voice emphasizing the reality of the distance.

6.      Intent :
Mr.Brown went to the Madani hotel for attending a Seminar.

7.      Norms :
A conversation between a foreigner and a driver might be with interruption but politely, or might not be lying as norms .

8.      Genre :
The kind of speech act or event used here, the dialog. The driver might tell the distance and the cost to Madani hotel for information, or polite responses as moral attitudes.

D.     Conclusion
From the above analysis it can be concluded that the entire conversation between Mr. Brwon with Mr. Bonar (driver) just to use the services of a driver and the information about the place. The atmosphere was visible from almost all the talks marred by friendly and courteous.

Indeed, there is a sentence that is not perfect, it is sometimes difficult to be labeled. It is also acceptable in oral conversation because the context of the conversation and paralinguistic elements is helpful to understand illocutionary respectively.

Context is crucial in understanding and interpreting the discourse. Context that can not be overlooked when people try to get the real meaning of information is heard or read. Define the context in understanding the discourse of course by providing interpretation of SPEAKING (setting, participant, end, act sequences, key, instrument, norm, and genre).

Now that you have learned Hymes' S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. model, and have read one example, you should be able to apply it to a situation.

E.      Bibliography
Bell, T. Roger. 1976. Sociolingistics: Goals, Approaches and Problems. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd.



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